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Perbaikan teknologi produksi bibit bawang merah lembah Palu

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RINGKASAN

Maemunah. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Brawijaya, Juni 2015. Perbaikan Teknologi Produksi Bibit Bawang Merah Lembah Palu. Komisi Pembimbing, Ketua: Tatik Wardiyati, Anggota: Bambang Guritno, Arifin Noor Sugiharto.________________________________________________________

Pembangunan pertanian nasional bertujuan mengatasi kekurangan pangan dalam jumlah dan mutu melalui sistem perbenihan tanaman. Luas lahan potensial bagi pengembangan bawang merah di Lembah Palu adalah ± 2.559 hektar, dengan kebutuhan bibit sekitar 2.000 ton untuk satu musim tanam, namun kebutuhan bibit tersebut belum terpenuhi.
Tujuan penelitian untuk mengkaji upaya peningkatan mutu bibit bawang merah Lembah Palu, melalui cara budidaya dan pascapanen yang sesuai dengan persyaratan lingkungan yang dibutuhkan bawang merah Lembah Palu. Penelitian terdiri dari empat tahap penelitian.Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan adalah: 1. Penelitian seleksi tanaman sumber bibit, 2. Penelitian budidaya bawang merah, 3. Penelitian pascapanen dan 4. Penelitian evaluasi bibit hasil penelitian dengan bibit petani. Penelitian dilaksanakan di sentra pertanaman bawang merah di wilayah Lembah Palu. Penelitian berlangsung dari bulan Februari 2013 sampai dengan bulan Mei 2014.
1. Penelitian seleksi tanaman sumber bibit, berupa seleksi pertanaman petani di 20 lokasi sentra pertanaman. Dari proses seleksi tersebut diperoleh enam lokasi yang kontinyu melakukan penanaman yaitu: 1. B. Jaya, 2. Guntarano, 3. Kayumalue, 4. Maku, 5. Olobojo 6. Soulove. Pengamatan, pengukuran dan pengujian dilakukan pada ke-enam wilayah sumber bibit tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survey pada 20 sentra pertanaman bawang merah di Lembah Palu. Pengambilan sampel dan data pada enam sentra pertanaman yang kontinyu melakukan penanaman. Peubah pengamatan meliputi: tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah anakan per rumpun, hasil ha-1, kadar air, diameter umbi, berat umbi, tingkat kekerasan umbi, total padatan terlarut, daya berkecambah dan kecepatan berkecambah. 2. Wawancara: Sejarah lahan, jarak tanam, asal usul bibit, pemupukan, pengendalian OPT serta kesehatan bibit.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) diperoleh dua kriteria mutu bibit petani yaitu mutu bibit tinggi (wilayah sumber bibit: Soulove, Kayumalue, Guntarano) dan mutu bibit rendah (wilayah sumber bibit: B.Jaya, Maku, Oloboju). 2) Mutu bibit terbaik petani diperoleh dari wilayah sumber bibit Soulove dengan kriteria: hasil 5,38 ton per hektar, daya kecambah 90,75%, kecepatan berkecambah 17,07%/hari, kekerasan umbi 28,20 mm N-1, dan kadar air 73,91%, dan total padatan terlarut 16,80 obrix.
2. Penelitian budidaya bawang merah, berupa budidaya bawang merah dari bibit Soulove pada tiga ketinggian tempat tanam (faktor I) yaitu: 1) Guntarano 100 m dpl, 2) Simoro 300 m dpl, 3) Petimbe 500 m dpl. Sebagai faktor II adalah ukuran umbi bibit yaitu: 1) Umbi bibit kecil ± 2,0 g/umbi = ( 1,7 g/umbi - 2,3 g/umbi) dan 2) Umbi bibit besar ± 2,7 g/ umbi = (2,4 g/umbi – 3,0 g/umbi). Selanjutnya sebagai faktor III adalah dosis kalium yaitu: 1) 100 kg KCl/ha, 2) 150 kg KCl/ha, 3) 200 kg KCl/ha, dan 4) 250 kg KCl/ha. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tiga ulangan. Peubah pengamatan meliputi:1) komponen pertumbuhan, 2) komponen hasil dan mutu, 3) Analisis pertumbuhan.


Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) Lokasi ketinggian tempat tanam 500 m dpl menghasilkan hasil per hektar tertinggi 9,64 ton ha-1, namun untuk memproduksi umbi bibit bawang merah Lembah Palu terdapat pada ketinggian tempat tanam 300 m dpl. 2) Hasil per hektar tertinggi 9,64 ton ha-1 diperoleh pada ukuran umbi bibit besar 2,4 g umbi-1 – 3,0 g umbi-1. 3) Penggunaan kalium antara 150 kg KCl ha-1– 200 kg KCl ha-1 memberikan hasil per hektar dan mutu umbi bibit terbaik. 4) Kombinasi perlakuan ketinggian tempat tanam 300 m dpl, penggunaan umbi bibit besar 2,4 g umbi-1 – 3,0 g umbi-1 disertai dengan pemberian kalium 150 kg KCl ha-1 menghasilkan bibit bawang dengan mutu terbaik dengan kriteria: hasil per hektar 7,03 t ha-1, TPT 19,90 obrix, kekerasan umbi 21,92 mm N-1.
3. Penelitian pascapanen bawang merah, berupa penyimpanan bawang merah hasil budidaya pada tiga ketinggian tempat penyimpanan (faktor I) yaitu: 1) Guntarano 100 m dpl, 2) Simoro 300 m dpl, 3) Petimbe 500 m dpl. Sebagai faktor II adalah 15 bibit terseleksi hasil budidaya yaitu: T1U1K2, T1U1K3, T1U1K4, T1U2K1, T1U2K4, T2U1K1, T2U1K4, T2U2K1, T2U2K2, T2U2K3, T3U1K2, T3U1K3, T3U2K1, T3U2K2, T3U2K3. Selanjutnya sebagai faktor III adalah cara penyimpanan yaitu: 1) cara gantung di para-para dan 2) hampar di para-para. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tiga ulangan. Peubah pengamatan meliputi: kadar air, total padatan terlarut (TPT), kekerasan umbi, persentase susut dan persentase umbi rusak.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) penyimpanan bibit terbaik adalah pada ketinggian 300 m dpl, 2) umbi bibit berukuran kecil dengan pemberian 200 kg KCl ha-1 dan umbi bibit berukuran besar dengan pemberian 150 kg KCl ha-1 dapat digunakan sebagai sumber bibit, 3) cara penyimpanan gantung di para-para dapat digunakan pada ketinggian tempat 100 m dpl, sedang cara penyimpanan hampar di para-para dapat digunakan pada ketinggian tempat 500 m dpl, namun kedua cara penyimpanan baik secara gantung maupun hampar di para-para dapat digunakan pada ketinggian tempat 300 m dpl. 4) interaksi ketinggian tempat penyimpanan 300 m dpl, ukuran umbi bibit besar, dengan 150 kg KCl ha-1 dengan cara simpan hampar di para-para menghasilkan bibit dengan mutu fisik dan fisiologis terbaik.
4. Penelitian uji evaluasi bibit hasil penelitian dengan bibit petani, berupa budidaya 12 asal mutu bibit. Desain percobaan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan satu faktor dengan tiga ulangan adapun perlakuan tersebut adalah: 1) GT1U1K4, 2) GT1U2K1, 3) GT1U2K4, 4) GT2U2K1, 5) GT2U2K2, 6)T3U3K2, 7) PT2U1K4, 8) PT2U2K2, 9) PT2U1K3, 10) PT2U2K3, 11) bibit petani Soulove, 12) bibit petani B.Jaya. Peubah pengamatan meliputi:1) komponen pertumbuhan, 2) komponen hasil dan mutu, 3) Analisis pertumbuhan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1. umbi bibit yang berasal dari penanaman dan
penyimpanan di lokasi ketinggian 300 m dpl, disimpan dengan cara hampar di
para-para, ukuran bibit 2,4 g – 3,0 g umbi-1, dengan pemberian kalium 150 kg
KCl ha-1, diperoleh hasil per hektar tertinggi 14,40 ton ha-1 dibanding hasil
tertinggi petani 5,38 ton ha-1 berarti terjadi peningkatan hasil 167,66%. 2) umbi bibit yang berasal dari penanaman dan penyimpanan di lokasi ketinggian 100 m dpl disimpan secara gantung di para-para, ukuran bibit 2,4 g – 3,0 g umbi-1, dengan pemberian kalium 250 kg KCl ha-1, diperoleh hasil per hektar paling rendah 10,97 ton ha-1, dibanding hasil paling rendah petani 3,50 ton ha-1 berarti terjadi peningkatan hasil 213,43%. 3) penyimpanan secara hampar di para-para memberikan hasil lebih tinggi ± 19,30% dibanding bibit yang disimpan secara gantung di para-para. 4) ditemukannya beberapa mutu bibit dalam penelitian ini memberikan potensi harapan tercapainya peningkatan hasil bawang merah Lembah Palu per hektar 167,66% hingga 213,43%.

Dari empat penelitian yang telah dilakukan dalam upaya perbaikan teknologi produksi bibit bawang merah Lembah Palu maka dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: 1 Wilayah produksi sumber bibit Soulove 110 m dpl menghasilkan bibit sumber mutu terbaik petani, yaitu dengan kriteria: hasil 5,38 t ha-1, daya berkecambah 74,12%, kecepatan berkecambah 12,59% hari-1, kekerasan umbi 28,20 mm N-1, kadar air 75,91% dan total padatan terlarut 16,80 obrix.
2) Ketinggian tempat penanaman 300 m dpl, penggunaan umbi bibit besar 2,4 g umbi-1 – 3,0 g umbi-1 disertai dengan pemberian kalium 150 kg KCl ha-1 dalam budidaya untuk bibit bawang merah Lembah Palu, menghasilkan bibit mutu terbaik dengan kriteria: hasil 7,03 t ha-1, daya berkecambah 79,23%, kekerasan umbi 21,92 mm N-1, kadar air 79,35% dan total padatan terlarut 19,90 obrix.
3) Ketinggian tempat penyimpanan 300 m dpl, asal mutu bibit ukuran 2,4 g – 3,0 g umbi-1, dengan pemberian kalium 150 kg KCl ha-1 (budidaya) dengan cara simpan hampar di para-para menghasilkan bibit dengan mutu fisik dan fisiologis terbaik. Hal ini berkaitan dengan kebutuhan suhu (±26,6oC-27,8oC) dan kelembaban udara (±80,4%-83,3%) saat pembentukan umbi, serta suhu dan kelembaban ruang penyimpanan (26,0oC – 29,0oC; 73,0%-83%).
4) Perbaikan sistem budidaya melalui penanaman bibit di ketinggian 300 m dpl, ukuran umbi bibit ± 2,40 g – 3,00 g umbi-1, dan pemberian kalium 150 kg KCl ha-1 serta sistem pascapanen berupa penyimpanan bibit di ketinggian 300 m dpl disimpan secara hampar di para-para meningkatkan mutu bibit bawang merah, meningkatkan hasil per hektar 167,66% hingga 213,43% dibanding bibit Petani.
5) Kriteria bibit bermutu bawang merah Lembah Palu adalah: ukuran umbi 2,4 – 3,0 g umbi-1, daya berkecambah 88,03% - 98,24%, kecepatan berkecambah 16,31% hari-1 – 18,73% hari-1, kekerasan umbi 25,57 mm N-1 - 30,44 mm N-1, kadar air umbi 72,02% - 73,55%, dan total padatan terlarut umbi (TPT) 17,33 obrix – 23,07 obrix.
Saran: 1) Produksi bibit di wilayah ketinggian 500 m dpl dapat dilakukan melalui budidaya dan pascapanen dengan dua cara yaitu: pertama, menggunakan umbi kecil 1,7 g – 2,3 g umbi-1, pemberian 200 kg KCl ha-1 dan disimpan secara hampar di para-para dan cara kedua, menggunakan umbi besar 2,4 g – 3,0 g umbi-1, pemberian 150 kg KCl ha-1 yang disimpan secara gantung di para-para. 2) Wilayah yang optimal untuk penangkaran umbi bibit bawang merah terbaik di ketinggian 300 m dpl, melalui budidaya dan pascapanen dengan tiga cara yaitu: pertama, menggunakan umbi besar 2,4 g – 3,0 g umbi-1, dengan pemberian 150 kg KCl ha-1, dan disimpan secara gantung di para-para, cara kedua, menggunakan umbi besar 2,4 g – 3,0 g umbi-1, dengan pemberian 150 kg KCl ha-1, dan disimpan secara hampar di para-para, dan cara ketiga menggunakan umbi kecil 1,7 g – 2,3 g umbi-1, dengan pemberian 250 kg KCl ha-1, dan disimpan secara hampar di para-para. 3) Hasil penelitian ini dapat direkomendasikan kepada pengambil kebijakan di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah dan penangkar bibit bawang merah guna membangun kemandirian perbenihan ditingkat petani dan mendukung industri bibit bawang merah Lembah Palu.









SUMMARY

Maemunah. Postgraduate Program, University of Brawijaya, June 2015. The Improvement of Technology for Shallot Seed Production at Lembah Palu . Promotor: Tatik Wardiyati, Co-Promotors: Bambang Guritno, Arifin Noor Sugiharto.________________________________________________________


The national development for agriculture is aimed to alleviate the problem of food scarcity in several degrees of quantity and quality through a reliable crop seedling system. Land width that is potential for shallot development at Lembah Palu is ± 2,559 hectare. The demand for seed is about 2,000 ton for a season but it is still hardly satisfied.
The objective of research is to review the effort to improve the quality of shallot seed at Lembah Palu, including the cultivation and the post-harvest management in pursuance of environmental preconditions required by shallot at Lembah Palu. Research involves four stages. These stages are: 1. Research on selection of the seed source, 2. Research on shallot cultivation, 3. Research on post-harvest, and 4. Research on evaluation by comparing the seed product from research with farmer seed. Research is located at shallot planting center at the region of Lembah Palu. It is conducted from February 2013 to May 2014.
1. Research on selection of the seed source. Crops are selected from 20 locations of planting center. There are six locations with continuous planting, which are: 1. B. Jaya, 2. Guntarano, 3. Kayumalue, 4. Maku, 5. Olobojo, and 6. Soulove. Observation, measurement and examination are then conducted onto these six locations. Research method is a survey which is implemented against 20 shallot planting centers at Lembah Palu. Sampling is executed from six planting centers with continuous planting. The observed variables are: plant height, number of leaf, number of native per clump, yield ha-1, water content, bulb diameter, bulb size, bulb firmness, total soluble solid , germinating capacity and germinating speed. Interview is made to understand issues such as land history, planting interval, seed origin, fertilization, pests and disseas control and seed health.
Result of research indicates that: 1) there are two criteria of quality for the seed, respectively high quality (the location of seed source: Soulove, Kayumalue, and Guntarano) and low quality (the location of seed source: B.Jaya, Maku, and Oloboju). 2) The best quality of the seed is obtained from seed source at Soulove by criteria: yield of 5.38 tons per hectare, germination capacity of 90.75%, germination rate of 17.07%/day, bulb firmness of 28.20 mm N-1, water content of 73.91%, and dissolved solid total of 16.80 obrix.
2. Research on shallot cultivation. Shallot seed from Soulove is cultivated on three different heights of planting location (Factor I): 1) Guntarano at altitude 100 m a.s.l., 2) Simoro at altitude 300 m a.s.l., 3) Petimbe at altitude at altitude 500 m a.s.l.. Factor II is related to the size of seed bulb: 1) Small seed bulb of ± 2.0 g/bulb (1.7 g/bulb – 2.3 g/bulb) and 2) Big seed bulb of ± 2.7 g/ bulb (2.4 g/bulb – 3.0 g/bulb). Next, Factor III is several doses of potassium: 1) 100 kg KCl/ha, 2) 150 kg KCl/ha, 3) 200 kg KCl/ha, and 4) 250 kg KCl/ha. This research involves three replications. The observed variables are: 1) component of growth, 2) component of yield and quality, and 3) analysis of growth.
Result of research indicates that: 1) the height of planting location at altitude 500 m a.s.l. has produced the highest yield per hectare of 9.64 ton ha-1, but the best quality of shallot seed bulb is obtained from the height of planting location at altitude 300 m a.s.l.. 2) The highest yield per hectare is 9.64 ton ha-1 obtained from the size of seed bulb of 2.4 g bulb-1 – 3.0 g bulb-1. 3) The use of potassium between 150 kg KCl ha-1 – 200 kg KCl ha-1 has produced the best yield per hectare and the best quality of seed bulb. 4) The combination of treatment involving the height of planting location at altitude 300 m a.s.l., the use of seed bulb of 2.4 g bulb-1 – 3.0 g bulb-1 and the use of potassium of 150 kg KCl ha-1 can produce shallot seed with the best quality by criteria: yield per hectare of 7.03 t ha-1, TSS of 19.90 obrix, and bulb firmness of 21.92 mm N-1.
3. Research on shallot post-harvest. Shallot yield from the cultivation is stored at three different heights of storage place (Factor I): 1) Guntarano at altitude 100 m a.s.l., 2) Simoro at altitude 300 m a.s.l., and 3) Petimbe at altitude 500 m a.s.l.. Factor II includes 15 seeds selected from cultivation yield, such as: T1U1K2, T1U1K3, T1U1K4, T1U2K1, T1U2K4, T2U1K1, T2U1K4, T2U2K1, T2U2K2, T2U2K3, T3U1K2, T3U1K3, T3U2K1, T3U2K2, and T3U2K3. Moreover, Factor III is storage method involving: 1) suspending on rubber-mat and 2) spreading on rubber-mat. Research involves three replications. The observed variables are: water content, total soluble solid (TSS), bulb firmness, percentage of loss and percentage of damaged.
Result of research indicates that: 1) the best seed storage is obtained at the height of altitude 300 m a.s.l., 2) small seed bulb treated with 200 kg KCl ha-1 and big seed bulb treated with 150 kg KCl ha-1 can be used as seed source, 3) the storage by suspending on rubber-mat is suitable for the location height at altitude 100 m a.s.l., whereas the storage by spreading on rubber-mat is favorable for the location height at altitude 500 m a.s.l.. Both storage methods can be used well in location height at altitude 300 m a.s.l. 4) The interaction between location height of storage at altitude 300 m a.s.l., big seed bulb, and treatment with 150 kg KCl ha-1 as well as with storage by spreading on rubber-mat, can produce the seed with the best quality of physic and physiology.
4. Research on evaluation by comparing the seed product from research with farmer seed. There are 12 origins of seed quality. The design of experiment is Group Random Planning (RAK) with one factor. There are three replications from all these treatments: 1) GT1U1K4, 2) GT1U2K1, 3) GT1U2K4, 4) GT2U2K1, 5) GT2U2K2, 6) T3U3K2, 7) PT2U1K4, 8) PT2U2K2, 9) PT2U1K3, 10) PT2U2K3, 11) Soulove farmer seed, and 12) B.Jaya farmer seed. The observed variables include: 1) component of growth, 2) component of yield and quality, and 3) analysis of plant growth.
Result of research indicates that: 1) Seed bulb that is originated from planting and storage in location height at altitude 300 m a.s.l., stored by spreading on rubber-mat, with seed size of 2.4 g – 3.0 g bulb-1, and treated with potassium of 150 kg KCl ha-1, has produced the highest yield per hectare of 14.40 ton ha-1. If compared to the highest yield of farmer seed that only reaches 5.38 ton ha-1, it means that there is an increment to 167.66%. 2) Seed bulb that is originated from planting and storage in location height at altitude 100 m a.s.l., stored by suspending on rubber-mat, with seed size of 2.4 g – 3.0 g bulb-1, and treated with potassium of 250 kg KCl ha-1, has produced the lowest yield per hectare of 10.97 ton ha-1. If compared to the lowest yield of farmer seed that only achieves 3.50 ton ha-1, it means that there is an increment to 213.43%. 3) Storage by spreading on rubber-mat can give higher yield of ± 19.30% than storage by suspending on rubber-mat. 4) Some seed qualities may be potential to increase shallot yield per hectare at Lembah Palu which can achieve 167.66% to 213.43%.



Four researches above are the effort to improve the technology of shallot seed production at Lembah Palu. It is then concluded that:
1) the region of production for Soulove seed source at altitude 110 m a.s.l. has produced seed source with the best quality by criteria: yield of 5.38 t ha-1, germination capacity of 74.12%, germination rate of 12.59% day-1, bulb firmness of 28.20 mm N-1, water content of 75.91% and total soluble solid of 16.80 obrix.
2) The height of planting location at altitude 300 m a.s.l., the use of big seed bulb of 2.4 g bulb-1 – 3.0 g bulb-1, and the treatment wit potassium of 150 kg KCl ha-1 in the cultivation of shallot seed at Lembah Palu, can produce the seed with the best quality by criteria: yield of 7.03 t ha-1, germination capacity of 79.23%, bulb firmness of 21.92 mm N-1, water content of 79.35% and total soluble solid of 19.90 obrix.
3) The height of storage location at altitude 300 m a.s.l., the origin of seed at size of 2.4 g – 3.0 g bulb-1, the treatment with potassium 150 kg KCl ha-1 (cultivation), and the storage by spreading on rubber-mat, has produced the seed with the best quality of physic and physiology. It is closely associated with temperature (±26.60C-27.80C) and air humidity (±80, 4%-83,3%) for bulb growth, and also with temperature and humidity of storage room (26.00C – 29.00C; 73.0%-83%).
4) The improvement of cultivation system by planting the seed at the height of altitude 300 m a.s.l., using the size of seed bulb of ± 2.40 g – 3.00 g bulb-1, and treating with potassium of 150 kg KCl ha-1 and also with post-harvest system involving storing the seed at the height of altitude 300 m a.s.l. and by spreading on rubber-mat, can indeed increase the quality of shallot seed and also improve the yield per hectare by increment from 167.66% to 213.43% if compared to farmer seed.
5) The criteria of the best quality for shallot seed at Lembah Palu include: bulb size of 2.4 – 3.0 g bulb-1, germination capacity of 88.03% - 98.24%, germination rate of 16.31% day-1 – 18.73% day-1, bulb firmness of 25.57 mm N-1 - 30.44 mm N-1, water content of 72.02% - 73.55%, and bulb total soluble solid (TSS) of 17.33 0brix – 23.07 obrix.
It may be suggested: 1) The production of seed at the height location at altitude 500 m a.s.l. can involve cultivation and post-harvest. Two methods are considered. First method is using small bulb at size of 1.7 g – 2.3 g bulb-1, treating with 200 kg KCl ha-1 and storing by spreading on rubber-mat. Second method is using big bulb at size of 2.4 g – 3.0 g bulb-1, treating with 150 kg KCl ha-1 and storing by suspending on rubber-mat. 2) The optimum region for the captivity of seed bulb for the best shallot is at altitude 300 m a.s.l. through cultivation and post-harvest. Three methods are considered. First is using bulb at size of 2.4 g – 3.0 g bulb-1, treating with 150 kg KCl ha-1, and storing by suspending on rubber-mat. Second method is using bulb at size of 2.4 g – 3.0 g bulb-1, treating with 150 kg KCl ha-1, and storing by spreading on rubber-mat. Final and third method is using small bulb at size of 1.7 g – 2.3 g bulb-1, treating with 250 kg KCl ha-1, and storing by spreading on rubber-mat. 3) Results of research are recommended to the policy-makers in Central Sulawesi Province. These results may be useful for shallot seed grower in developing seedling autonomy at farmer level and also in supporting shallot seed industry at Lembah Palu.

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Ketersediaan

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Penerbit

Malang Jawa Timur : Pascasarjana Fak. Pertanian Univ. Brawijaya Malang., 2015

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xx, 164 Hlm.: Ilus,; 29,9 cm

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Indonesia

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Tipe Isi

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Tipe Media

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Tipe Pembawa

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2015

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Teknologi produksi

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Maemunah

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